PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS RELATED TO THE SEVERITY OF GASTROPARESIS SYMPTOMS IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major global health concern with increasing prevalence rates and is often accompanied by gastroparesis, a disorder that affects gastric motility and negatively impacts diabetes control. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and severity of gastroparesis symptoms among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the area served by Waled Cirebon General Hospital. This cross-sectional observational study recruited 96 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who met the selection criteria between May and June 2025. Gastroparesis symptoms were assessed using the validated Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index questionnaire . Data were collected through structured interviews and review of existing medical records. Statistical analyses included univariate descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses using Spearman’s correlation test and the Chi-square test, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. The severity of gastroparesis symptoms was classified as severe in 43.8% of participants, moderate in 24.0%, and mild in 32.3%. The results revealed that significant associations existed between the severity of gastroparesis symptoms and age (r = 0.354, p = 0.001), gender (p < 0.001), duration of diabetes (r = 0.535, p = 0.001), blood glucose control, (r = 0.379, p = 0.001), smoking (r = 0.636, p = 0.001), and body mass index. The prevalence of severe gastroparesis symptoms in this population exceeded reported global rates. All identified risk factors were signicantly associated with symptom severity, with obesity and smoking showing the strongest association. This study highlights the importance of optimal diabetes control involving several modifiable risk factors, proper screening for gastroparesis, and appropriate intervention among the high-risk population.
Keywords: body mass index, diabetes mellitus type 2, gastroparesis, prevalence, risk factors
References
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27. Bortolotti M. Gastroparesis, a diabetic complication causing further, even serious, complications: How to prevent its worsening? World J Gastroenterol [Internet]. 2025 Jun 21;31(23). Available from: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v31/i23/104932.html
2. Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, Pinkepank M, Ogurtsova K, Duncan BB, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract [Internet]. 2022 Jan;183:109119. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168822721004782
3. Cahyani AR, Abdullah A, Santi Td. Faktor - Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Kejadian Diabetes Melitus Pada Usia Produktif Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kuta Alam Kota Banda Aceh Tahun 2023. J Kesehat Tambusai. 2024;5(1):1429–39.
4. Badan Pusat Statistik. Kota Bukittinggi dalam Angka 2020. Bukittinggi; 2020.
5. Dinas Kesehatan. Open Data Jabar. 2024. Jumlah Penderita Diabetes Melitus Berdasarkan Kabupaten/Kota di Jawa Barat. Available from: https://opendata.jabarprov.go.id/id/dataset/jumlah-penderita-diabetes-melitus-berdasarkan-kabupatenkota-di-jawa-barat
6. Mukodri DML, Ginting AK, Kusumawati DD, Hanifah L, Hanifa F, Kurniyati EM, et al. Buku Ajar Asuhan Kebidanan Pada Kehamilan. Jakarta: Nuansa Fajar Cemerlang; 2024.
7. Camilleri M, Kuo B, Nguyen L, Vaughn VM, Petrey J, Greer K, et al. ACG Clinical Guideline: Gastroparesis. Am J Gastroenterol [Internet]. 2022 Aug;117(8):1197–220. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/10.14309/ajg.0000000000001874
8. Li L, Wang L, Long R, Song L, Yue R. Prevalence of gastroparesis in diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2023 Aug 28;13(1):14015. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-41112-6
9. Caturano A, Cavallo M, Nilo D, Vaudo G, Russo V, Galiero R, et al. Diabetic Gastroparesis: Navigating Pathophysiology and Nutritional Interventions. Gastrointest Disord [Internet]. 2024 Feb 22;6(1):214–29. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2624-5647/6/1/16
10. Soelastijo SA, Suastika K, Lindarto D, Decroli E, Permana H, Sucipto KW, et al. Pedoman Pengelolaan dan Pencegahan Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 Dewasa di Indonesia 2021 [Internet]. Jakarta; 2021. Available from: https://pbperkeni.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/22-10-21-Website-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-dan-Pencegahan-DMT2-Ebook.pdf
11. Asghar S, Asghar S, Shahid S, Sajjad H, Abdul Nasir J, Usman M. Gastroparesis-Related Symptoms in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Early Detection, Risk Factors, and Prevalence. Cureus [Internet]. 2023 Mar 5; Available from: https://www.cureus.com/articles/140489-gastroparesis-related-symptoms-in-patients-with-type-2-diabetes-mellitus-early-detection-risk-factors-and-prevalence
12. Kostitska IO, Mankovsky BM, Urbanovych AM, Zhurakivska OY, Tymoschuk O V., Basiuha IO. Risk factors and early detection of gastroparesis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Regul Mech Biosyst. 2019;10(1):56–62.
13. Young CF, Moussa M, Shubrook JH. Diabetic Gastroparesis: A Review. Diabetes Spectr [Internet]. 2020 Aug 1;33(3):290–7. Available from: https://diabetesjournals.org/spectrum/article/33/3/290/32318/Diabetic-Gastroparesis-A-Review
14. Waseem S, Moshiree B, Draganov P V. Gastroparesis: Current diagnostic challenges and management considerations. World J Gastroenterol [Internet]. 2009;15(1):25. Available from: http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v15/i1/25.htm
15. Bharucha AE, Kudva YC, Prichard DO. Diabetic Gastroparesis. Endocr Rev [Internet]. 2019 Oct 1;40(5):1318–52. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/edrv/article/40/5/1318/5487986
16. Pasricha PJ, Grover M, Yates KP, Abell TL, Koch KL, McCallum RW, et al. Progress in Gastroparesis - A Narrative Review of the Work of the Gastroparesis Clinical Research Consortium. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol [Internet]. 2022 Dec;20(12):2684-2695.e3. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S154235652200533X
17. Chen YJ, Coyne KS, Rodriguez D, Schulz A, Huh SY, Kuo B, et al. The American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index‐Daily Diary: Psychometric validation and meaningful change threshold in patients with idiopathic or diabetic gastroparesi. Neurogastroenterol Motil [Internet]. 2025 Jan 11;37(1). Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nmo.14960
18. Cangemi DJ, Lacy BE. Gastroparesis: Myths, Misconceptions, and Management. Clin Exp Gastroenterol [Internet]. 2023 Jun;Volume 16:65–78. Available from: https://www.dovepress.com/gastroparesis-myths-misconceptions-and-management-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CEG
19. Hidayat R, Agianto A, Agustina R. Transportasi Pasien Stroke ke Instalasi Gawat Darurat Rumah Sakit. J Holist Nurs Sci [Internet]. 2020 Jul 23;7(2):142–56. Available from: http://journal.ummgl.ac.id/index.php/nursing/article/view/3140
20. Jung H, Choung RS, Locke GR, Schleck CD, Zinsmeister AR, Szarka LA, et al. The Incidence, Prevalence, and Outcomes of Patients With Gastroparesis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, From 1996 to 2006. Gastroenterology [Internet]. 2009 Apr;136(4):1225–33. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016508508023056
21. Panford V, Kumah E, Kokuro C, Adoma PO, Baidoo MA, Fusheini A, et al. Treatment outcomes and associated factors among patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Ashanti Region, Ghana: a retrospective, cross-sectional study. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2022 Jul 5;12(7):e062857. Available from: https://bmjopen.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062857
22. Gonzalez Z, Loganathan P, Sarosiek I, McCallum RW. Gender-Related Differences in Gastroparesis. Am J Med Sci [Internet]. 2020 Nov;360(5):474–83. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002962920301488
23. Parkman HP, Hasler WL, Fisher RS. American Gastroenterological Association technical review on the diagnosis and treatment of gastroparesis. Gastroenterology [Internet]. 2004 Nov;127(5):1592–622. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016508504016348
24. Kshatri JS, Satpathy P, Sharma S, Bhoi T, Mishra SP, Sahoo SS. Health research in the state of Odisha, India. J Fam Med Prim Care [Internet]. 2022 Jul;11(7):3771–6. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2192_21
25. Xu H, Miao F rui, He Y jun, Fan Y shan. Data mining–based analysis to explore the application of an animal model of diabetic gastroparesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) [Internet]. 2025 Jul 9;16. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2025.1612473/full
26. Park HM, Park SY, Chung JO, Cho DH, Park CH, Kim HS, et al. Association Between Gastric Emptying Time and Incidence of Cardiovascular Diseases in Subjects With Diabetes. J Neurogastroenterol Motil [Internet]. 2019 Jul 1;25(3):387–93. Available from: http://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm19037
27. Bortolotti M. Gastroparesis, a diabetic complication causing further, even serious, complications: How to prevent its worsening? World J Gastroenterol [Internet]. 2025 Jun 21;31(23). Available from: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v31/i23/104932.html
Published
2026-06-30
How to Cite
EDI, Sarwo; ZEIN, Ahmad Fariz Malvi Zamzam; PRATIWI, Witri.
PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS RELATED TO THE SEVERITY OF GASTROPARESIS SYMPTOMS IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.
Medika Kartika : Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan, [S.l.], v. 9, n. 2, p. 160-172, june 2026.
ISSN 2655-6537.
Available at: <http://medikakartika.unjani.ac.id/medikakartika/index.php/mk/article/view/1390>. Date accessed: 04 aug. 2026.
Section
Articles
